Ua tsaug rau koj tuaj xyuas Nature.com.Qhov browser version uas koj siv tau txwv kev txhawb nqa rau CSS.Rau qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws, peb xav kom koj siv qhov browser tshiab (lossis tua hom kev sib raug zoo hauv Internet Explorer).Lub sijhawm no, kom paub meej txuas ntxiv kev txhawb nqa, peb yuav tso saib lub vev xaib tsis muaj qauv thiab JavaScript.
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov kab lis kev cai yav dhau los, thaum lub spatial faib ntawm lub lauj kaub tais diav qhia txog cov qauv kev sib txuas lus thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam. Cov khoom siv thiab geosciences tau ua hauj lwm ntawm no los txiav txim cov khoom, xaiv thiab ua cov khoom siv raw.Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Congo, thoob ntiaj teb. renowned txij thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum tsib, yog ib tug ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws ex-colonial xeev nyob rau hauv Central Africa.Txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm cia siab rau African thiab European lub qhov ncauj thiab sau ntawv keeb kwm, tseem muaj ntau qhov sib txawv nyob rau hauv peb tam sim no kev nkag siab ntawm lub nom tswv chav tsev. .Ntawm no peb muab kev nkag siab tshiab rau kev tsim khoom thiab kev xa khoom ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Congo.Ua ntau yam kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov qauv xaiv, xws li XRD, TGA, petrographic tsom xam, XRF, VP-SEM-EDS thiab ICP-MS, peb txiav txim siab. lawv cov yam ntxwv petrographic, mineralogical thiab geochemical.Our cov txiaj ntsig tso cai rau peb txuas cov khoom qub qub nrog cov khoom siv ntuj tsim thiab tsim cov kab lis kev cai ceramic.Peb tau txheeb xyuas cov qauv tsim, kev sib pauv qauv, kev faib tawm thiab kev sib cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom zoo los ntawm kev paub txog kev tshaj tawm.Peb qhov kev tshawb pom pom tias kev nom kev tswv. Centralization nyob rau hauv Lower Congo cheeb tsam ntawm Central Africa muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab kev ncig.Peb cia siab tias peb txoj kev tshawb fawb yuav muab lub hauv paus zoo rau kev tshawb fawb sib piv ntxiv rau hauv cheeb tsam no.
Kev tsim thiab siv cov tais diav tau ua haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau haiv neeg, thiab nws cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev coj noj coj ua tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov khoom no1,2.Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum no, kev tshawb fawb ceramic tuaj yeem txhim kho peb. kev nkag siab ntawm yav dhau los kev sib raug zoo3,4.Los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas archaeological ceramics, peb tuaj yeem txuas lawv cov khoom rau cov kab lis kev cai tshwj xeeb thiab cov qauv tom ntej ntawm kev tsim khoom1,4,5.As taw qhia los ntawm Matson6, raws li ceramic ecology, kev xaiv ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv muaj feem xyuam rau Tsis tas li ntawd, suav nrog ntau yam kev tshawb fawb txog haiv neeg, Whitbread2 hais txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm 84% ntawm kev tsim cov peev txheej hauv 7km vojvoog ntawm cov keeb kwm ceramic, piv rau 80% qhov tshwm sim hauv 3km vojvoog hauv Africa7.Txawm li cas los xij. , nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tsis txhob overlook lub dependence ntawm ntau lawm cov koom haum ntawm technical factor2,3.Technological kev xaiv yuav raug soj ntsuam los ntawm kev soj ntsuam cov interrelationships ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, cov tswv yim thiab technical knowledge3,8,9.A ntau yam ntawm xws li kev xaiv muaj peev xwm txhais tau ib tug tshwj xeeb ceramic kev lig kev cai. .Lub sijhawm no, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm archaeology rau hauv kev tshawb fawb tau ua rau muaj kev nkag siab zoo dua ntawm cov zej zog yav dhau los3,10,11,12.Kev siv ntau txoj kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tuaj yeem teb cov lus nug txog txhua theem kev koom tes hauv kev lag luam saw, xws li cov peev txheej ntuj. kev tsim thiab kev xaiv raw khoom, kev yuav khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm3,10,11,12.
Txoj kev tshawb no tsom mus rau lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Congo, yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws txoj cai los txhim kho nyob rau hauv Central Africa.Ua ntej lub advent ntawm lub niaj hnub lub xeev, Central Africa muaj ib tug complex socio-political mosaic yam ntxwv los ntawm loj kab lis kev cai thiab nom tswv sib txawv, nrog rau cov qauv xws li. Los ntawm me me thiab fragmented nom tswv spheres mus rau complex thiab heev concentrated nom tswv spheres13,14,15.Nyob rau hauv no socio-political ntsiab lus, lub Kingdom ntawm lub Congo yog xav kom tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 14th los ntawm peb lub confederations 16, 17.In nws. Nyob zoo hnub no, nws npog thaj tsam sib npaug ntawm thaj chaw nruab nrab ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Atlantic mus rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub tebchaws Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) thiab tus dej Cuango mus rau sab hnub tuaj, nrog rau thaj tsam ntawm sab qaum teb Angola hnub no. Latitude ntawm Luanda.Nws tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv thaj av dav dav thaum lub sijhawm nws tseem muaj sia nyob thiab tau ntsib txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev nyuaj siab dua thiab kev sib koom ua ke kom txog rau thaum 14th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st of theteenth century.Social stratification, common txiaj, taxation systems. , kev faib ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb, thiab kev ua lag luam qhev18, 19 qhia txog Earle tus qauv ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam22.Los ntawm nws qhov kev tsim mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Congo tau nthuav dav heev, thiab txij li xyoo 1483 mus rau tsim muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog Europe, thiab hauv qhov no. txoj kev koom nrog kev lag luam Atlantic 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25 (ntau ntxiv Saib Ntxiv 1) rau cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab geosciences tau siv rau ceramic artifacts los ntawm peb qhov chaw archaeological hauv lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Congo, qhov chaw khawb av tau ua dhau los kaum xyoo dhau los, uas yog Mbanza Kongo hauv Angola thiab Kindoki thiab Ngongo Mbata hauv tebchaws Democratic Republic of Congo (Fig. . 1) (saib Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv 1).2 nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv archaeological).Mbanza Congo, tsis ntev los no sau rau hauv UNESCO ntiaj teb cuab yeej cuab tam List, nyob rau hauv lub Mpemba xeev ntawm lub ancient tsoom fwv.Nyob rau hauv ib tug central toj siab ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev lag luam txoj kev, nws yog kev nom kev tswv thiab. Cov thawj coj peev ntawm lub nceeg vaj thiab lub rooj zaum ntawm tus huab tais lub zwm txwv.Kindoki thiab Ngogo Mbata nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm Nsundi thiab Mbata, feem, uas tej zaum yuav yog ib feem ntawm xya lub nceeg vaj ntawm Kongo dia Nlaza ua ntej lub nceeg vaj tau tsim - ib qho ntawm Cov kev cai sib xyaw ua ke28,29.Ob leeg tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub nceeg vaj17.Cov chaw qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Kindoki thiab Ngogo Mbata nyob rau hauv Inkisi Valley nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub nceeg vaj thiab yog ib qho ntawm thawj thaj chaw kov yeej los ntawm Mbanza Nsundi, lub xeev lub nroog nrog cov ruins ntawm Jindoki, tau ib txwm ua los ntawm cov kav tebchaws Congolese tom qab 17, 18, 30.Mbata xeev feem ntau nyob 31 sab hnub tuaj ntawm tus dej Inkisi.Cov thawj coj ntawm Mbata ( thiab rau qee qhov Soyo) muaj keeb kwm muaj cai ntawm kev ua tib neeg raug xaiv los ntawm cov nom tswv hauv zos los ntawm kev ua tiav, tsis yog lwm lub xeev uas cov thawj coj raug xaiv los ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe, uas txhais tau tias muaj peev xwm ntau dua 18,26.Txawm tias tsis yog lub xeev. peev ntawm Mbata, Ngogo Mbata ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tsawg kawg hauv lub xyoo pua 17th.Vim nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam network, Ngongo Mbata tau pab txhawb rau kev txhim kho lub xeev raws li kev lag luam tseem ceeb 16,17,18,26,31 ,32 ib.
Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Congo thiab nws rau lub xeev tseem ceeb (Mpemba, Nsondi, Mbata, Soyo, Mbamba, Mpangu) nyob rau xyoo kaum rau thiab kaum xya.Peb qhov chaw sib tham hauv txoj kev tshawb no (Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki thiab Ngogo Mbata) tau qhia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia.
Txog rau kaum xyoo dhau los, kev paub txog keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Congo raug txwv33.Muaj kev nkag siab rau hauv lub nceeg vaj keeb kwm yog raws li cov kev cai hauv zos thiab cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm Africa thiab Europe16,17.Lub sijhawm ua ntu zus hauv cheeb tsam Congo yog fragmented thiab tsis tiav vim mus rau qhov tsis muaj cov txheej txheem archaeological kev tshawb fawb34.Archaeological excavations txij li thaum 2011 tau tsom los sau cov qhov khoob no thiab tau nthuav tawm cov qauv tseem ceeb, cov yam ntxwv thiab cov khoom qub. Ntawm cov kev tshawb pom no, potshards yog undoubtedly qhov tseem ceeb tshaj 29,30,31,32,35,36. Hais txog lub Hnub Nyoog Hlau hauv Central Africa, archaeological tej yaam num zoo li tam sim no tsis tshua muaj neeg 37,38.
Peb nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog mineralogy, geochemical thiab petrological tsom xam ntawm ib txheej ntawm cov tais diav los ntawm peb qhov chaw khawb av ntawm lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Congo (saib cov ntaub ntawv archaeological hauv Cov Khoom Siv Ntxiv 2).Cov qauv muaj nyob rau plaub hom pottery (Fig. 2), ib qho los ntawm Jindoji Formation thiab peb los ntawm King Kong Formation 30, 31, 35.Cov Kindoki Pawg hnub rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm thaum ntxov Lub Nceeg Vaj (14th txog nruab nrab-15th caug xyoo). Ntawm cov chaw sib tham hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no, Kindoki (n = 31). ) yog tib qhov chaw uas qhia Kindoki grouping30,35.Peb hom Kongo Pawg - Hom A, Hom C, thiab Hom D - hnub rov qab mus rau lub nceeg vaj lig (16th-18th centuries) thiab muaj nyob ib txhij nyob rau hauv peb qhov chaw archaeological suav hais tias ntawm no30 , 31, 35.Kongo Hom C lauj kaub yog cov lauj kaub ua noj uas muaj ntau nyob rau hauv tag nrho peb qhov chaw35.Kongo A-hom lauj kaub yuav siv tau los ua ib lub lauj kaub, sawv cev los ntawm ob peb ntu 30, 31, 35.Kongo D-hom ceramics yuav tsum tsuas yog siv rau kev siv hauv tsev - raws li lawv tsis tau pom nyob rau hauv faus rau hnub tim - thiab muaj feem xyuam nrog ib pab pawg neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg siv30,31,35.Fragments ntawm lawv kuj tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv me me.Hom A thiab D pots pom zoo sib xws spatial distributions ntawm Kindoki thiab Ngogo Mbata sites30,31.In Ngogo Mbata, txog tam sim no, muaj 37,013 Kongo Type C fragments, uas tsuas muaj 193 Kongo Type A fragments thiab 168 Kongo Type D31 fragments.
Cov duab piv txwv ntawm plaub pawg ntawm Congo Kingdom lub lauj kaub tais diav sib tham hauv txoj kev tshawb no (Kindoki Group thiab Kongo Group: Hom A, C, thiab D);Daim duab sawv cev ntawm lawv cov keeb kwm tshwm sim ntawm txhua qhov chaw archaeological Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki thiab Ngogo Mbata .
X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Petrographic Analysis, Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) thiab Inductively Coupled Plasma Coupled huab hwm coj spectrometry (ICP-MS) tau siv los teb cov lus nug txog cov peev txheej ntawm cov khoom siv raw thiab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom.Peb lub hom phiaj yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov kab lis kev cai ceramic thiab txuas lawv mus rau qee hom kev tsim khoom, yog li muab qhov kev xav tshiab ntawm cov qauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm ib qho. ntawm cov koom haum nom tswv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv Central Africa.
Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Congo yog qhov nyuaj tshwj xeeb rau cov kev tshawb fawb los ntawm ntau haiv neeg thiab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lub zos geological zaub (Fig. 3).Regional geology tuaj yeem pom los ntawm qhov muaj me ntsis mus rau undeformed geological sedimentary thiab metamorphic sequences hu ua. Western Congo Supergroup.Nyob rau hauv qab-up mus kom ze, qhov sib lawv liag pib nrog rhiab heev alternating quartzite-claystone formations nyob rau hauv lub Sansikwa Formation, ua raws li los ntawm lub Haut Shiloango tsim, yam ntxwv los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm stromatolite carbonates, thiab nyob rau hauv lub Democratic Republic of Congo, silica Diatomaceous ntiaj teb hlwb raug txheeb xyuas ze rau hauv qab thiab sab saum toj ntawm pawg.Lub Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group yog carbonate-argillite sib dhos nrog qee qhov Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization.Qhov kev tsim geological no nthuav tawm cov txheej txheem txawv txav los ntawm kev qaug zog ntawm cov av nplaum magnesia lossis Kev hloov me ntsis ntawm talc-tsim dolomite.Qhov no ua rau muaj cov calcium thiab talc ntxhia qhov chaw.Cov chav tsev yog them los ntawm Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group uas muaj cov xuab zeb-argillaceous liab txaj.
Geological daim ntawv qhia ntawm thaj chaw kawm.Peb qhov chaw archaeological muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia (Mbanza Congo, Jindoki thiab Ngongombata).Lub voj voog nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov chaw sawv cev rau ib lub vojvoog ntawm 7 km, uas sib raug rau qhov kev siv qhov tshwm sim ntawm 84% 2.Cov ntawv qhia hais txog lub koom pheej ywj pheej ntawm Congo thiab Angola, thiab cov ciam teb raug cim.Geological maps (shapefiles hauv Supplement 11) tau tsim hauv ArcGIS Pro 2.9.1 software (website: https://www.arcgis.com/), referencing Angolan41 thiab Congolese42,65 Geological maps (raster files), siv Ua cov qauv sib txawv.
Saum toj no cov sedimentary discontinuity, Cretaceous units muaj continental sedimentary pob zeb xws li sandstone thiab claystone.Nyob ze, qhov no geological tsim yog hu ua ib tug thib ob depositional qhov chaw ntawm pob zeb diamond tom qab yaig los ntawm Early Cretaceous kimberlite tubes41,42.No ntxiv igneous thiab high-qib metamorphic. pob zeb tau tshaj tawm hauv cheeb tsam no.
Lub cheeb tsam nyob ib ncig ntawm Mbanza Kongo yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm clastic thiab tshuaj deposits ntawm Precambrian strata, feem ntau limestone thiab dolomite los ntawm Schisto-Calcaire Formation thiab slate, quartzite thiab ashwag los ntawm Haut Shiloango Formation41.Qhov ze tshaj plaws geological chav tsev mus rau Jindoji archaeological site. yog Holocene alluvial sedimentary pob zeb thiab limestone, slate thiab chert them nrog feldspar quartzite ntawm Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group.Ngongo Mbata nyob rau hauv ib tug nqaim Schisto-Greseux pob zeb siv ntawm cov laus Schisto-Calcaire Group thiab cov nyob ze Cretaceous liab sandstone4. Tsis tas li ntawd, Kimberlite qhov chaw hu ua Kimpangu tau tshaj tawm nyob rau thaj tsam dav ntawm Ngogo Mbata ze ntawm craton hauv cheeb tsam Lower Congo.
Cov txiaj ntsig ib nrab ntawm cov theem pob zeb tseem ceeb tau txais los ntawm XRD yog qhia hauv Table 1, thiab tus neeg sawv cev XRD cov qauv qhia hauv daim duab 4.Quartz (SiO2) yog lub ntsiab ntxhia theem, tsis tu ncua nrog potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) thiab mica. [Piv txwv li, KAl2(Si3Al)O12(OH)2], thiab/los yog talc [Mg3Si4O10(OH)2].The plagioclase minerals [XAl(1–2)Si(3–2)O8, X = Na los yog Ca] (ie sodium thiab/los yog anorthite) thiab amphibole [(X)(0–3)[(Z)(5–7)(Si, Al)8O22(O,OH,F)2, X = Ca2+, Na+ , K+, Z = Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Al, Ti] yog interrelated crystalline theem, Feem ntau muaj mica.Amphibole feem ntau tsis tuaj ntawm talc.
Tus neeg sawv cev XRD cov qauv ntawm Kongo Kingdom pottery, raws li cov theem loj crystalline, sib xws rau cov pab pawg: (i) talc-nplua nuj Cheebtsam ntsib hauv Kindoki Group thiab Kongo Hom C qauv, (ii) nplua nuj talc ntsib hauv cov qauv Quartz-muaj cov khoom xyaw Kindoki Group thiab Kongo Hom C cov qauv, (iii) feldspar-nplua nuj Cheebtsam hauv Kongo Hom A thiab Kongo D qauv, (iv) mica-nplua nuj Cheebtsam hauv Kongo Hom A thiab Kongo D qauv, (v) Amphibole nplua nuj Cheebtsam tau ntsib hauv cov qauv los ntawm Kongo Hom A thiab Kongo Hom DQ quartz, Pl plagioclase, lossis potassium feldspar, Am amphibole, Mca mica, Tlc talc, Vrm vermiculite.
XRD spectra indistinguishable ntawm talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 thiab pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)2 yuav tsum tau ib tug ntxiv txheej txheem los txheeb xyuas lawv muaj, tsis tuaj kawm ntawv los yog muaj peev xwm coexistence.TGA tau ua nyob rau hauv peb tus qauv qauv (MBK_S.14, KDK_S.KS.13 thiab KDK_S.13). 20) TG curves (Ntxiv 3) tau zoo ib yam nrog lub xub ntiag ntawm talc ntxhia theem thiab tsis muaj pyrophyllite.Lub dehydroxylation thiab structural decomposition pom ntawm 850 thiab 1000 ° C sib haum mus rau talc.No loj poob tau pom ntawm 650 thiab 850 ° C, qhia tias tsis muaj pyrophyllite44.
Raws li ib theem me me, vermiculite [(Mg, Fe + 2, Fe + 3) 3 [(Al, Si) 4O10] (OH) 2 4H2O], txiav txim siab los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas ntawm kev taw qhia kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov qauv neeg sawv cev, ncov nyob ntawm 16-7 Å, feem ntau kuaj pom hauv Kindoki Group thiab Kongo Group Hom A cov qauv.
Kindoki Group-cov qauv kuaj pom zoo los ntawm thaj chaw dav dav nyob ib puag ncig Kindoki tau nthuav tawm cov ntxhia muaj pes tsawg leeg uas muaj cov talc, kev nplua nuj ntawm quartz thiab mica, thiab muaj cov poov tshuaj feldspar.
Cov ntxhia muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Kongo Hom A cov qauv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov muaj ntau ntawm quartz-mica khub hauv qhov sib txawv thiab muaj cov poov tshuaj feldspar, plagioclase, amphibole, thiab mica.Qhov ntau ntawm amphibole thiab feldspar cim cov pab pawg neeg no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Congo-hom A qauv ntawm Jindoki thiab Ngongombata.
Cov qauv ntawm Kongo Hom C pom muaj ntau yam ntxhia hauv cov pab pawg, uas yog nyob ntawm qhov chaw archaeological heev.Cov qauv ntawm Ngogo Mbata yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv quartz thiab nthuav tawm ib qho zoo sib xws.Quartz kuj tseem yog theem tseem ceeb hauv Kongo C-hom qauv los ntawm Mbanza Kongo thiab Kindoki, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no ib co qauv yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv talc thiab mica.
Kongo hom D muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb mineralogical muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob rau hauv tag nrho peb archaeological sites.Feldspar, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog plagioclase, muaj ntau nyob rau hauv no pottery hom.Amphibole feem ntau yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv abundance.Represent quartz thiab mica.Cov txheeb ze npaum li cas sib txawv ntawm cov qauv.Talc tau kuaj pom nyob rau hauv amphibole. - nplua nuj fragments ntawm hom pab pawg Mbanza Kongo.
Lub ntsiab tempered minerals txheeb xyuas los ntawm petrographic tsom xam yog quartz, feldspar, mica thiab amphibole.Rock inclusions muaj ib feem ntawm intermediate thiab high-qib metamorphic, igneous thiab sedimentary pob zeb.Cov ntaub ntawv tau siv Orton45's reference chart qhia lub xeev qeb duas los ntawm cov neeg pluag. mus zoo, nrog rau ib tug piv ntawm lub xeev matrix los ntawm 5% mus rau 50%. Tempered nplej muaj xws li puag ncig mus rau angular uas tsis nyiam orientation.
Tsib lithofacies pawg (PGa, PGb, PGc, PGd, thiab PGe) yog qhov txawv raws li cov qauv thiab cov kev hloov hauv mineralogical.PGa pab pawg: qis-specific tempered matrix (5-10%), zoo matrix, nrog loj inclusions ntawm sedimentary metamorphic pob zeb ( Daim duab 5a);PGb pawg: siab feem ntawm tempered matrix (20% -30%), tempered matrix Qhov hluav taws kub sorting tsis zoo, lub tempered nplej yog angular, thiab nruab nrab thiab high-qib metamorphic pob zeb muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm txheej silicate, mica thiab loj. pob zeb suav nrog (Fig. 5b);PGc pawg: kuj muaj feem ntau ntawm tempered matrix (20 -40%), zoo mus rau zoo heev temper sorting, me me mus rau heev me me round tempered nplej, ntau quartz nplej, qee zaus planar voids (c hauv daim duab 5);PGd pawg: tsawg piv Tempered matrix (5-20​​%), nrog rau cov nplej me me, cov pob zeb loj loj, kev sib cais tsis zoo, thiab cov qauv zoo nkauj zoo nkauj (d hauv daim duab 5);thiab PGe pawg: siab feem ntawm tempered matrix (40-50%), zoo mus rau zoo heev temper sorting, ob qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm tempered nplej thiab sib txawv ntxhia compositions nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tempering (Fig. 5, e).Daim duab 5 qhia ib tug neeg sawv cev kho qhov muag. micrograph ntawm pawg petrographic.Optical kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov qauv coj mus rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm hom kev faib tawm thiab petrographic teev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm Kindoki thiab Ngogo Mbata (saib Ntxiv 4 rau cov neeg sawv cev photomicrographs ntawm tag nrho cov qauv teeb).
Cov neeg sawv cev kho qhov muag micrographs ntawm Kongo Kingdom pottery slices;Cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm pawg petrographic thiab typological.(a) pawg PGa, (b) pawg PGB, (c) PGc pawg, (d) PGd pawg thiab (e) pawg PGe.
Cov qauv Kindoki Formation suav nrog cov qauv pob zeb zoo uas cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim PGa.Cov qauv Kongo A-hom qauv muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog PGb lithofacies, tshwj tsis yog rau Kongo A-type qauv NBC_S.4 Kongo-A los ntawm Nongo Mbata, uas yog Muaj feem xyuam rau pawg PGe hauv kev txiav txim.Feem ntau ntawm Kongo C-cov qauv kuaj los ntawm Kindoki thiab Ngogo Mbata, thiab Kongo C-hom qauv MBK_S.21 thiab MBK_S.23 los ntawm Mbanza Kongo tau koom nrog pawg PGc.Txawm li cas los xij, ntau tus Kongo Hom C cov qauv qhia cov yam ntxwv ntawm lwm yam lithofacies.Kongo C-hom qauv MBK_S.17 thiab NBC_S.13 tam sim no kev ntxhib los mos tus cwj pwm cuam tshuam nrog PGe pawg.Kongo C-hom qauv MBK_S.3, MBK_S.12 thiab MBK_S.14 ua ib pawg lithofacies PGd, thaum Kongo C-hom qauv KDK_S.19, KDK_S.20 thiab KDK_S.25 muaj cov khoom zoo sib xws rau pawg PGb.Kongo Hom C qauv MBK_S.14 tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog ib qho outlier vim nws qhov ntxeem tau clast texture.Yuav luag tag nrho cov qauv ntawm cov Kongo D-type yog txuam nrog PGe lithofacies, tshwj tsis yog rau Kongo D-hom qauv MBK_S.7 thiab MBK_S.15 los ntawm Mbanza Kongo, uas nthuav tawm cov nplej loj dua nrog qis dua (30%), ze rau pawg PGc.
Cov qauv los ntawm peb qhov chaw qub txeeg qub teg tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm VP-SEM-EDS los piav qhia txog cov khoom faib tawm thiab txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm ib tus neeg tempered nplej.EDS cov ntaub ntawv tso cai txheeb xyuas cov quartz, feldspar, amphibole, hlau oxides (hematite), titanium oxides (xws li. rutile), titanium hlau oxides (ilmenite), zirconium silicates (zircon) thiab perovskite neosilicates (garnet).Silica, txhuas, poov tshuaj, calcium, sodium, titanium, hlau thiab magnesium yog cov tshuaj feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv matrix. magnesium cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv Kindoki Formation thiab Kongo A-hom basins tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm qhov muaj talc lossis magnesium av nplaum minerals.Raws li kev txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus, cov nplej feldspar feem ntau cuam tshuam rau cov poov tshuaj feldspar, albite, oligoclase, thiab qee zaus labradorite thiab anorthite (Ntxiv 5, Fig. S8–S10), thaum lub amphibole nplej yog tremolite Pob zeb, actinite, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Kongo Hom A qauv NBC_S.3, liab nplooj pob zeb.A pom tseeb txawv yog pom nyob rau hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm amphibole (Fig.6) hauv Kongo A-type (tremolite) thiab Kongo D-hom ceramics (actinite). Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv peb qhov chaw archaeological, ilmenite nplej tau zoo sib xws nrog cov qauv D-types.High manganese cov ntsiab lus muaj nyob rau hauv ilmenite nplej. , qhov no tsis tau hloov lawv cov hlau-titanium (Fe-Ti) hloov tshuab (saib Ntxiv 5, Fig. S11).
VP-SEM-EDS data.A ternary daim duab qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm amphibole ntawm Kongo Hom A thiab Kongo D tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm cov qauv xaiv los ntawm Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK), thiab Nongo Mbata (NBC);cov cim encoded los ntawm pawg hom.
Raws li cov txiaj ntsig XRD, quartz thiab potassium feldspar yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv Kongo hom C cov qauv, thaum muaj cov quartz, potassium feldspar, albite, anorthite thiab tremolite yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Kongo hom A cov qauv.Kongo D-hom qauv kuaj pom tias quartz , poov tshuaj feldspar, albite, oligofeldspar, ilmenite thiab actinite yog cov ntxhia hauv cov khoom tseem ceeb.Kongo hom A qauv NBC_S.3 tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog ib qho outlier vim nws plagioclase yog labradorite, amphibole yog orthopamphibole, thiab muaj cov ilmenite raug kaw.Kongo C- hom qauv NBC_S.14 kuj muaj ilmenite nplej (Ntxiv 5, Figures S12–S15).
XRF tsom xam tau ua los ntawm cov qauv neeg sawv cev los ntawm peb qhov chaw archaeological los txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb.Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb muaj nyob rau hauv Table 2.Cov qauv tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tau pom tias muaj nplua nuj nyob hauv silica thiab alumina, nrog calcium oxide concentrations hauv qab 6%. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm magnesium yog vim muaj cov talc, uas yog inversely cuam tshuam rau oxides ntawm silicon thiab txhuas oxide.Qhov siab dua sodium oxide thiab calcium oxide cov ntsiab lus zoo ib yam nrog cov nplua nuj ntawm plagioclase.
Kindoki Group cov qauv rov qab los ntawm Kindoki qhov chaw pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm magnesia (8-10%) vim muaj cov talc.Potassium oxide qib hauv pawg hom no muaj li ntawm 1.5 txog 2.5%, thiab sodium (< 0.2%) thiab calcium oxide. (< 0.4%) concentrations qis dua.
Cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm cov hlau oxides (7.5-9%) yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Kongo A-hom pots.Kongo hom A cov qauv los ntawm Mbanza Kongo thiab Kindoki pom muaj ntau dua cov poov tshuaj (3.5-4.5%).Cov ntsiab lus magnesium oxide siab (3. -5%) txawv cov qauv Ngongo Mbata los ntawm lwm cov qauv ntawm tib hom pawg.Kongo hom A qauv NBC_S.4 nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm cov hlau oxides, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev muaj amphibole ntxhia theem.Kongo hom A qauv NBC_S. 3 pom tias muaj manganese concentration (1.25%).
Silica (60-70%) dominates muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Kongo C-hom qauv, uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus quartz txiav txim los ntawm XRD thiab petrography.Low sodium (<0.5%) thiab calcium (0.2–0.6%) cov ntsiab lus tau pom. Cov ntsiab lus siab dua ntawm magnesium oxide (13.9 thiab 20.7%, feem) thiab qis hlau oxide nyob rau hauv MBK_S.14 thiab KDK_S.20 cov qauv zoo ib yam nrog ntau cov talc minerals.Samples MBK_S.9 thiab KDK_S.19 ntawm pawg hom no nthuav tawm qis silica concentrations. thiab siab dua sodium, magnesium, calcium thiab hlau oxide cov ntsiab lus.Qhov siab dua ntawm titanium dioxide (1.5%) txawv Kongo Hom C qauv MBK_S.9.
Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg qhia Kongo Hom D cov qauv, qhia cov ntsiab lus silica qis thiab cov ntsiab lus siab dua ntawm sodium (1-5%), calcium (1-5%), thiab potassium oxide nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 44% mus rau 63% (1- 5%) vim muaj cov feldspar.Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus titanium dioxide ntau dua (1-3.5%) tau pom nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg no.Cov ntsiab lus hlau oxide siab ntawm Kongo D-hom qauv MBK_S.15, MBK_S.19 thiab NBC_S .23 yog txuam nrog ntau dua magnesium oxide cov ntsiab lus, uas yog zoo ib yam nrog rau dominance ntawm amphibole.High concentrations ntawm manganese oxide tau kuaj pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov Kongo D-hom qauv.
Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tau qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov calcium thiab hlau oxides hauv Kongo hom A thiab D tso tsheb hlau luam, uas tau cuam tshuam nrog kev ua kom zoo ntawm sodium oxide.Hais txog cov kab mob sib xyaw ua ke (Ntxiv 6, Table S1), feem ntau Kongo D-hom qauv yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv zirconium nrog ib tug nruab nrab correlation nrog strontium.The Rb-Sr zajlus (Fig. 7) qhia txog kev koom tes ntawm strontium thiab Kongo D-hom tso tsheb hlau luam, thiab nruab nrab ntawm rubidium thiab Kongo A-hom tso tsheb hlau luam.Ob Kindoki Group thiab Kongo hom C ceramics yog depleted ntawm ob lub ntsiab.(Saib Ntxiv 6, Figures S16-S19).
XRF data.Scatter plot Rb-Sr, cov qauv xaiv los ntawm Congo Kingdom pots, xim-coded los ntawm hom pawg.Cov duab qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm Kongo D-type tank thiab strontium thiab ntawm Kongo A-hom tank thiab rubidium.
Ib tus qauv neeg sawv cev los ntawm Mbanza Kongo tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm ICP-MS txhawm rau txiav txim siab cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob sib kis, thiab los kawm txog kev faib tawm ntawm REE cov qauv ntawm cov pab pawg.Cov kab mob thiab kab mob tau piav qhia ntau yam hauv Cov Ntawv Ntxiv 7, Table S2.Cov Kongo Hom Ib cov qauv thiab Kongo Hom D cov qauv MBK_S.7, MBK_S.16, thiab MBK_S.25 yog cov nplua nuj nyob rau hauv thorium.Kongo A-hom cov kaus poom tam sim no muaj cov zinc ntau ntau thiab muaj nplua nuj nyob hauv rubidium, thaum Kongo D-hom cov kaus poom muaj cov concentrations siab. ntawm strontium, lees paub cov txiaj ntsig XRF (Ntxiv 7, Figures S21–S23).The La/Yb-Sm/Yb zajlus qhia txog kev sib raug zoo thiab qhia txog cov ntsiab lus siab lanthanum hauv Kongo D-tank qauv (Daim duab 8).
ICP-MS data.Scatter plot of La/Yb-Sm/Yb, xaiv cov qauv los ntawm Congo Kingdom phiab, xim-coded los ntawm hom pawg.Kongo Hom C qauv MBK_S.14 tsis tau piav qhia hauv daim duab.
REEs normalized los ntawm NASC47 yog nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kab laug sab plots (Fig. 9).Cov kev tshwm sim qhia ib tug enrichment ntawm lub teeb tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb hais (LREEs), tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm Kongo A-hom thiab D-hom tso tsheb hlau luam.Kongo hom C pom qhov txawv txav ntau dua.Qhov zoo europium anomaly yog yam ntxwv ntawm Kongo D hom, thiab siab cerium anomaly yog yam ntxwv ntawm Kongo A hom.
Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb tau tshuaj xyuas ib txheej ntawm ceramics los ntawm peb Central African archaeological sites cuam tshuam nrog lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Congo teej tug mus rau txawv typological pawg, uas yog lub Jindoki thiab Congo pawg.Lub Jinduomu Group sawv cev rau ib tug ua ntej lub sij hawm (thaum ntxov lub nceeg vaj lub sij hawm) thiab tsuas muaj nyob. ntawm Jinduomu archaeological site.Cov pab pawg Kongo-hom A, C, thiab D-muaj nyob rau hauv peb qhov chaw archaeological ib txhij.Cov keeb kwm ntawm King Kong Group tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau lub nceeg vaj lub sijhawm.Nws sawv cev rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev sib txuas nrog Europe thiab sib pauv. cov khoom nyob rau hauv thiab sab nraum lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Congo, raws li nws tau rau ib-paus xyoo.Compositional thiab pob zeb kev ntxhib los mos cov ntiv tes tau txais los ntawm ib tug multi-analytical mus kom ze.Qhov no yog thawj zaug Central Africa tau siv xws li kev pom zoo.
Kindoki Group qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab pob zeb qauv ntiv tes taw qhia rau cov khoom siv Kindoki tshwj xeeb.Cov pab pawg Kindoki tej zaum yuav muaj feem xyuam rau lub sijhawm thaum Nsondi yog ib lub xeev ywj pheej ntawm Xya Congo dia Nlaza28,29.Qhov muaj talc thiab vermiculite (ib yam khoom uas tsis tshua muaj kub. ntawm talc weathering) hauv Jinduoji Group qhia txog kev siv cov khoom siv hauv zos, raws li talc yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv geological matrix ntawm Jinduoji site, nyob rau hauv lub Schisto-Calcaire Formation 39,40 .Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub lauj kaub no tau pom los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas kev ntxhib los mos taw qhia rau kev ua cov khoom siv tsis zoo.
Kongo A-hom lauj kaub tau pom qee qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv.Mbanza Kongo thiab Kindoki muaj cov poov tshuaj thiab calcium oxides siab, thaum Ngongo Mbata siab hauv magnesium.Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov sib txawv txawv ntawm lwm pawg typological.Lawv yog zoo ib yam nyob rau hauv cov ntaub, cim los ntawm mica muab tshuaj txhuam.Tsis zoo li Kongo hom C, lawv qhia cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm feldspar, amphibole thiab hlau oxide.Cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm mica thiab muaj cov tremolite amphibole paub qhov txawv ntawm Kongo D-hom phiab. , qhov twg actinolite amphibole raug txheeb xyuas.
Kongo Hom C kuj nthuav tawm cov kev hloov pauv hauv cov mineralogy thiab tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm peb qhov chaw archaeological thiab nruab nrab ntawm lawv.Qhov kev hloov pauv no yog los ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv raw uas muaj nyob ze rau txhua qhov chaw tsim khoom / siv.Txawm li cas los xij, qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov khoom tau ua tiav. ntxiv rau hauv zos kev tweaks.
Kongo D-hom muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm titanium oxides, uas yog vim muaj cov ilmenite cov zaub mov (Ntxiv 6, Fig. S20). Cov ntsiab lus siab manganese ntawm cov tshuaj ilmenite nplej sib xyaw nrog manganese ilmenite (Fig. 10), ib qho tshwj xeeb muaj pes tsawg leeg sib xws nrog kimberlite formations48,49.Lub xub ntiag ntawm Cretaceous continental sedimentary pob zeb-ib qhov chaw ntawm cov pob zeb diamond thib ob tom qab yaig ntawm pre-Cretaceous kimberlite tubes42-thiab cov ntaub ntawv qhia Kimberlite teb ntawm Kimberlite hauv Lower Congo43 qhia tias Qhov dav dua Ngongo Mbata cheeb tsam yuav yog Congo (DRC) Qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv raw rau D-hom pottery ntau lawm.Qhov no tau txhawb ntxiv los ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm ilmenite hauv ib qho qauv Kongo Hom A thiab ib qho qauv Kongo Hom C ntawm Ngogo Mbata qhov chaw.
VP-SEM-EDS data.MgO-MnO cov phiaj xwm tawg, xaiv cov qauv los ntawm Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK) thiab Ngogo Mbata (NBC) nrog cov ilmenite nplej, qhia txog manganese-titanium ferromanganese raws li Kaminsky thiab ​​Belousova txoj kev tshawb fawb Kuv (Mn-ilmenites).
Zoo Europium anomalies pom nyob rau hauv REE hom ntawm Kongo D-hom tank (saib daim duab 9), tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov qauv nrog ilmenite nplej (xws li MBK_S.4, MBK_S.5, thiab MBK_S.24), tejzaum nws txuam nrog ultrabasic igneous. pob zeb nplua nuj nyob rau hauv anorthite thiab khaws Eu2+.Qhov kev faib REE no kuj tseem yuav piav qhia txog qhov siab strontium concentration pom hauv Kongo D-hom qauv (saib daim duab 6) vim tias strontium hloov calcium50 hauv Ca ntxhia lattice.Cov ntsiab lus lanthanum siab (Fig. 8. ) thiab qhov dav dav ntawm LREEs (Daim duab 9) tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau ultrabasic igneous pob zeb li kimberlite-zoo li geological formations51.
Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm Kongo D-shaped pots txuas lawv mus rau qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv raw, nrog rau kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm qhov sib xws ntawm hom no, qhia qhov chaw tsim khoom tshwj xeeb rau Kongo D-shaped pots. Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, tempered particle loj tis ntawm Kongo D hom ua rau cov khoom siv ceramics nyuaj heev thiab qhia tau hais tias txhob txwm ua cov khoom siv raw thiab cov txuj ci siab tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim cov pottery52.This feature yog tshwj xeeb thiab ntxiv txhawb kev txhais ntawm hom no raws li ib tug cov khoom lag luam tsom rau ib pawg neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg siv35.Hais txog qhov kev tsim khoom no, Clist thiab al29 qhia tias nws yuav yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm Portuguese pobzeb tsim thiab Congolese potters, xws li kev paub-yuav ua li cas tsis tau ntsib thaum lub nceeg vaj thiab ua ntej.
Qhov tsis muaj cov txheej txheem tshiab tsim cov ntxhia hauv cov qauv los ntawm txhua hom pab pawg qhia txog kev siv hluav taws xob qis qis (< 950 ° C), uas kuj yog nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog kev tshawb fawb ethnoarchaeological ua nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no 53,54. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis muaj hematite. thiab cov xim tsaus nti ntawm qee lub lauj kaub tais diav yog vim txo qis los yog tom qab tua hluav taws4,55.Ethnographic cov kev tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam tau pom cov khoom ua tom qab hluav taws kub thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom siv hluav taws xob55.Dark xim, feem ntau pom hauv Kongo D-shaped pots, tuaj yeem ua tau txuam nrog cov neeg siv hom phiaj raws li ib feem ntawm lawv cov nplua nuj décor.Ethnographic cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv dav African ntsiab lus txhawb qhov kev thov no, raws li blackened jars feem ntau suav hais tias muaj cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb.
Qhov tsis tshua muaj siab ntawm calcium hauv cov qauv, qhov tsis muaj carbonates thiab / lossis lawv cov txheej txheem tshiab tsim cov ntxhia tau raug ntaus nqi rau qhov tsis yog-calcareous xwm ntawm cov ceramics57.Cov lus nug no yog qhov txaus siab rau cov qauv talc-nplua nuj (tsuas yog Kindoki Group thiab Kongo Hom C basins) vim hais tias ob qho tib si carbonate thiab talc muaj nyob rau hauv lub zos carbonate-argillaceous assemblage-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group42,43 Mutually.Qhov txhob txwm nrhiav ntawm tej yam raw cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm tib geological tsim ua rau pom kev txawj ntse txawj ntse hais txog cov tus cwj pwm tsis tsim nyog ntawm calcareous av nplaum thaum raug rho tawm haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
Ntxiv rau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv thiab cov qauv pob zeb sib txawv ntawm Kongo C pottery, qhov kev thov siab rau cov khoom noj khoom haus tau tso cai rau peb tso cov khoom ntawm Kongo C pottery rau hauv zej zog. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus quartz hauv feem ntau Kongo C-hom qauv qhia txog qhov sib xws ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv lub nceeg vaj.Nws ua rau pom kev ua tib zoo xaiv cov khoom siv raw thiab kev paub txog kev paub txog kev muaj peev xwm thiab tsim nyog ntawm Quartz Temper Cooking Pot58.Quartz tempering thiab cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj calcium qhia. tias cov khoom siv raw xaiv thiab kev ua haujlwm kuj nyob ntawm cov kev xav tau ntawm kev ua haujlwm.