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Cov kab lig kev cai ntawm cov tais diav qhia txog lub moj khaum kev lag luam ntawm cov kab lis kev cai yav dhau los, thaum qhov chaw faib ntawm cov tais diav qhia txog cov qauv kev sib txuas lus thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab geosciences siv ntawm no los txiav txim siab qhov kev nrhiav, kev xaiv thiab kev ua cov khoom siv raw. Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Congo, uas paub thoob ntiaj teb txij li thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum tsib, yog ib lub xeev ex-colonial nto moo tshaj plaws hauv Central Africa. Txawm hais tias ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm vam khom rau African thiab European cov ntawv sau thiab sau, tseem muaj qhov sib txawv ntau hauv peb qhov kev nkag siab tam sim no ntawm chav tswj hwm no. Ntawm no peb muab cov kev nkag siab tshiab rau hauv kev tsim khoom thiab kev ncig ntawm cov tais diav hauv lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Congo. Ua ntau txoj kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov qauv xaiv, uas yog XRD, TGA, kev tshuaj xyuas petrographic, XRF, VP-SEM-EDS thiab ICP-MS, peb tau txiav txim siab lawv cov yam ntxwv petrographic, mineralogical thiab geochemical. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tso cai rau peb txuas cov khoom archaeological nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntuj thiab tsim cov kab lig kev cai ceramic. Peb tau txheeb xyuas cov qauv tsim khoom, cov qauv pauv, kev faib khoom thiab cov txheej txheem sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom zoo los ntawm kev tshaj tawm kev paub txog kev txawj ntse. Peb cov kev tshawb pom qhia tias kev tswj hwm nom tswv hauv thaj tsam Lower Congo ntawm Central Africa muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev tsim khoom thiab kev ncig ntawm cov tais diav. Peb vam tias peb txoj kev tshawb fawb yuav muab lub hauv paus zoo rau kev tshawb fawb sib piv ntxiv kom nkag siab txog thaj chaw no.
Kev ua thiab siv cov tais diav av nplaum tau yog ib qho haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau haiv neeg, thiab nws cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev nom kev tswv tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev teeb tsa ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov khoom no1,2. Hauv lub moj khaum no, kev tshawb fawb txog cov khoom siv av nplaum tuaj yeem txhim kho peb txoj kev nkag siab txog cov zej zog yav dhau los3,4. Los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom siv av nplaum archaeological, peb tuaj yeem txuas lawv cov khoom rau cov kab lis kev cai av nplaum tshwj xeeb thiab cov qauv tom qab ntawm kev tsim khoom1,4,5. Raws li Matson6 tau taw qhia, raws li cov khoom siv av nplaum ecology, kev xaiv cov khoom siv raw yog cuam tshuam nrog qhov muaj nyob ntawm cov peev txheej ntuj. Ntxiv mus, coj mus rau hauv tus account ntau yam kev tshawb fawb txog ethnographic, Whitbread2 hais txog 84% qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev txhim kho cov peev txheej hauv 7km radius ntawm keeb kwm av nplaum, piv rau 80% qhov muaj peev xwm hauv 3km radius hauv Africa7. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tsis txhob saib tsis taus qhov kev vam khom ntawm cov koom haum tsim khoom ntawm cov yam ntxwv kev siv tshuab2,3. Kev xaiv thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas los ntawm kev tshawb xyuas kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, cov txheej txheem thiab kev paub txog kev siv tshuab3,8,9. Ntau yam kev xaiv zoo li no tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog ib qho kev lig kev cai av nplaum tshwj xeeb. Ntawm lub sijhawm no, kev koom ua ke ntawm archaeology rau hauv kev tshawb fawb tau pab txhawb nqa kev nkag siab zoo dua txog cov zej zog yav dhau los3,10,11,12. Kev siv ntau txoj kev tshuaj xyuas tuaj yeem teb cov lus nug txog txhua theem koom nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov saw hlau, xws li kev tsim cov khoom siv ntuj thiab kev xaiv cov khoom siv raw, kev yuav khoom thiab kev ua tiav3,10,11,12.
Txoj kev tshawb fawb no tsom mus rau lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Congo, yog ib lub teb chaws uas muaj hwj chim tshaj plaws hauv Central Africa. Ua ntej lub xeev niaj hnub no tshwm sim, Central Africa muaj ib lub mosaic sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev nom kev tswv uas muaj ntau yam kev sib txawv ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev nom kev tswv, nrog rau cov qauv ntawm cov cheeb tsam me me thiab sib cais mus rau cov cheeb tsam nom tswv uas muaj zog thiab muaj zog heev13,14,15. Hauv cov ntsiab lus no, lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Congo tau xav tias tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 14th los ntawm peb lub koom haum sib koom ua ke 16, 17. Hauv nws lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws, nws tau npog thaj chaw sib npaug zos rau thaj chaw ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Atlantic mus rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub tebchaws Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) tam sim no thiab tus dej Cuango mus rau sab hnub tuaj, nrog rau thaj chaw ntawm sab qaum teb Angola niaj hnub no. Latitude ntawm Luanda. Nws tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv thaj chaw dav dua thaum lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws thiab tau ntsib kev txhim kho mus rau qhov nyuaj dua thiab kev tswj hwm kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua 14th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum yim. Kev faib ua pawg hauv zej zog, ib qho cov txiaj, cov txheej txheem them se, kev faib ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb, thiab kev ua lag luam qhev18, 19 qhia txog Earle tus qauv ntawm kev lag luam nom tswv22. Txij li thaum nws tsim mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Congo tau nthuav dav heev, thiab txij li xyoo 1483 los tsim kev sib raug zoo nrog Tebchaws Europe, thiab ua li no tau koom nrog kev lag luam Atlantic 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25 (ntxiv cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv Saib Ntxiv 1) rau cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab geosciences tau siv rau cov khoom siv ceramic los ntawm peb qhov chaw archaeological hauv lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Congo, qhov twg kev khawb av tau ua tiav hauv kaum xyoo dhau los, uas yog Mbanza Kongo hauv Angola thiab Kindoki thiab Ngongo Mbata hauv Democratic Republic of Congo (Daim Duab 1) (saib Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv 1). 2 hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los). Mbanza Congo, nyuam qhuav sau rau hauv UNESCO World Heritage List, nyob hauv xeev Mpemba ntawm lub sijhawm thaum ub. Nyob rau ntawm lub tiaj tiaj hauv nruab nrab ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm cov kev lag luam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, nws yog lub peev txheej nom tswv thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm lub nceeg vaj thiab lub rooj zaum ntawm tus vaj ntxwv lub zwm txwv. Kindoki thiab Ngongo Mbata nyob hauv cov xeev Nsundi thiab Mbata, feem, uas tej zaum yuav yog ib feem ntawm xya lub nceeg vaj ntawm Kongo dia Nlaza ua ntej lub nceeg vaj tau tsim - ib qho ntawm cov nom tswv ua ke 28,29. Ob leeg ntawm lawv tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub nceeg vaj 17. Cov chaw keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm Kindoki thiab Ngongo Mbata nyob hauv Inkisi Valley nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub nceeg vaj thiab yog ib qho ntawm thawj thaj chaw uas tau kov yeej los ntawm cov txiv ntawm lub nceeg vaj. Mbanza Nsundi, lub peev txheej xeev nrog cov chaw puas tsuaj ntawm Jindoki, tau ib txwm muaj kev tswj hwm los ntawm cov neeg ua tiav ntawm cov vaj ntxwv Congolese tom qab 17, 18, 30. Mbata xeev feem ntau nyob 31 sab hnub tuaj ntawm tus dej Inkisi. Cov thawj coj ntawm Mbata (thiab rau qee qhov Soyo) muaj keeb kwm txoj cai los ua cov neeg xaiv tsa los ntawm cov neeg hauv zos los ntawm kev ua tiav, tsis yog lwm lub xeev uas cov thawj coj raug xaiv los ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe, uas txhais tau tias muaj nyiaj ntau dua 18,26. Txawm hais tias tsis yog lub nroog peev ntawm Mbata, Ngongo Mbata tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tsawg kawg yog hauv xyoo pua 17th. Vim nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam, Ngongo Mbata tau pab txhawb rau kev txhim kho ntawm lub xeev ua lub khw lag luam tseem ceeb 16,17,18,26,31,32.
Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Congo thiab nws rau lub xeev tseem ceeb (Mpemba, Nsondi, Mbata, Soyo, Mbamba, Mpangu) nyob rau hauv kaum rau thiab kaum xya xyoo pua. Peb qhov chaw uas tau tham hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no (Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki thiab Ngongo Mbata) tau pom ntawm daim ntawv qhia.
Txog li kaum xyoo dhau los, kev paub txog keeb kwm ntawm lub Nceeg Vaj Congo tseem tsawg heev33. Feem ntau cov kev nkag siab txog keeb kwm ntawm lub nceeg vaj yog raws li cov kab lig kev cai hauv zos thiab cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm Africa thiab Europe16,17. Cov kab ke hauv thaj tsam Congo yog fragmented thiab tsis tiav vim tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm34. Kev khawb av txij li xyoo 2011 tau tsom mus rau kev sau cov qhov sib txawv no thiab tau tshawb pom cov qauv tseem ceeb, cov yam ntxwv thiab cov khoom cuav. Ntawm cov kev tshawb pom no, cov lauj kaub av yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws29,30,31,32,35,36. Hais txog Lub Caij Hlau hauv Central Africa, cov haujlwm archaeological zoo li tam sim no tsis tshua muaj heev37,38.
Peb nthuav qhia cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas mineralogy, geochemical thiab petrological ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov khoom siv av nplaum los ntawm peb thaj chaw khawb av ntawm lub Nceeg Vaj Congo (saib cov ntaub ntawv archaeological hauv Cov Khoom Siv Ntxiv 2). Cov qauv yog rau plaub hom av nplaum (Daim Duab 2), ib qho los ntawm Jindoji Formation thiab peb los ntawm King Kong Formation 30, 31, 35. Pawg Kindoki hnub rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm Early Kingdom (xyoo pua 14 txog nruab nrab-15). Ntawm cov chaw sib tham hauv kev tshawb fawb no, Kindoki (n = 31) yog tib qho chaw uas qhia txog Kindoki pawg 30, 35. Peb hom Kongo Pawg - Hom A, Hom C, thiab Hom D - hnub rov qab mus rau lub nceeg vaj lig (xyoo pua 16-18) thiab muaj nyob tib lub sijhawm hauv peb qhov chaw archaeological uas tau xav txog ntawm no 30, 31, 35. Cov lauj kaub Kongo Hom C yog cov lauj kaub ua noj uas muaj ntau nyob rau hauv txhua peb qhov chaw 35. Lub lauj kaub Kongo A-hom siv tau ua lub lauj kaub noj mov, sawv cev los ntawm ob peb daim 30, 31, 35. Cov khoom siv av nplaum Kongo D-hom tsuas yog siv rau kev siv hauv tsev xwb - vim lawv yeej tsis tau pom hauv cov chaw faus neeg txog niaj hnub no - thiab cuam tshuam nrog ib pawg neeg siv tshwj xeeb30,31,35. Cov khoom seem ntawm lawv kuj tshwm sim tsuas yog me me xwb. Cov lauj kaub hom A thiab D tau qhia txog kev faib tawm zoo sib xws ntawm Kindoki thiab Ngongo Mbata qhov chaw30,31. Hauv Ngongo Mbata, txog tam sim no, muaj 37,013 Kongo Hom C daim, uas tsuas muaj 193 Kongo Hom A daim thiab 168 Kongo Hom D31 daim.
Cov duab ntawm plaub hom pawg ntawm Congo Kingdom pottery uas tau tham hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no (Kindoki Group thiab Kongo Group: Hom A, C, thiab D); ib daim duab sawv cev ntawm lawv qhov tsos ntawm txhua qhov chaw archaeological Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki thiab Ngongo Mbata.
X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Petrographic Analysis, Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy nrog Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) thiab Inductively Coupled Plasma Coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) tau siv los teb cov lus nug txog cov peev txheej ntawm cov khoom siv raw thiab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Peb lub hom phiaj yog txheeb xyuas cov kab lis kev cai ceramic thiab txuas lawv rau qee hom kev tsim khoom, yog li muab lub zeem muag tshiab ntawm cov qauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm ib qho ntawm cov koom haum nom tswv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv Central Africa.
Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Congo yog qhov nyuaj tshwj xeeb rau kev tshawb fawb qhov chaw vim muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov zaub geological hauv zos (Daim Duab 3). Kev tshawb fawb geology hauv cheeb tsam tuaj yeem pom los ntawm qhov muaj cov kab ke geological sedimentary thiab metamorphic me ntsis mus rau tsis hloov pauv hu ua Western Congo Supergroup. Hauv txoj hauv kev hauv qab-rau-sab saud, cov kab ke pib nrog kev hloov pauv quartzite-claystone hauv Sansikwa Formation, ua raws li Haut Shiloango Formation, uas muaj cov stromatolite carbonates, thiab hauv Democratic Republic of Congo, silica Diatomaceous earth cells tau txheeb xyuas ze ntawm qab thiab sab saum toj ntawm pawg. Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group yog carbonate-argillite assemblage nrog qee qhov Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization. Cov txheej txheem geological no qhia txog cov txheej txheem tsis tshua muaj los ntawm kev tsis muaj zog diagenesis ntawm magnesia av nplaum lossis kev hloov pauv me ntsis ntawm talc-producing dolomite. Qhov no ua rau muaj ob qho tib si calcium thiab talc minerals. Lub chav tsev yog them los ntawm Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group. muaj cov txaj liab xuab zeb-argillaceous.
Daim ntawv qhia txog thaj chaw kawm txog av. Muaj peb qhov chaw tshawb nrhiav txog av nyob rau ntawm daim ntawv qhia (Mbanza Congo, Jindoki thiab Ngongombata). Lub voj voog ncig qhov chaw sawv cev rau lub vojvoog ntawm 7 km, uas sib raug rau qhov muaj peev xwm siv qhov chaw ntawm 84% 2. Daim ntawv qhia hais txog Democratic Republic of the Congo thiab Angola, thiab cov ciam teb tau cim. Cov ntawv qhia txog av (cov ntaub ntawv duab hauv Supplement 11) tau tsim los ntawm ArcGIS Pro 2.9.1 software (lub vev xaib: https://www.arcgis.com/), xa mus rau Angolan41 thiab Congolese42,65 Cov ntawv qhia txog av (cov ntaub ntawv raster), siv Ua cov qauv sau ntawv sib txawv.
Saum toj ntawm qhov tsis sib txuas ntawm cov sedimentary, Cretaceous units muaj cov pob zeb sedimentary continental xws li sandstone thiab claystone. Nyob ze, qhov kev tsim geological no yog hu ua qhov chaw tso pob zeb diamond tom qab kev yaig los ntawm Early Cretaceous kimberlite tubes41,42. Tsis muaj pob zeb igneous thiab cov pob zeb metamorphic qib siab ntxiv tau tshaj tawm hauv thaj chaw no.
Thaj chaw nyob ib puag ncig Mbanza Kongo yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov muaj cov clastic thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg tso rau ntawm Precambrian strata, feem ntau yog limestone thiab dolomite los ntawm Schisto-Calcaire Formation thiab slate, quartzite thiab ashwag los ntawm Haut Shiloango Formation41. Lub chaw geological ze tshaj plaws rau Jindoji archaeological site yog Holocene alluvial sedimentary pob zeb thiab limestone, slate thiab chert npog nrog feldspar quartzite ntawm Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group. Ngongo Mbata nyob hauv ib txoj siv pob zeb Schisto-Greseux nqaim ntawm Schisto-Calcaire Group qub thiab Cretaceous liab sandstone42. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho chaw Kimberlite hu ua Kimpangu tau tshaj tawm hauv thaj chaw dav dua ntawm Ngongo Mbata ze ntawm craton hauv thaj tsam Lower Congo.
Cov txiaj ntsig semi-quantitative ntawm cov theem tseem ceeb tau los ntawm XRD tau qhia nyob rau hauv Rooj 1, thiab cov qauv XRD sawv cev tau qhia nyob rau hauv Daim Duab 4. Quartz (SiO2) yog cov theem tseem ceeb, feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) thiab mica. [Piv txwv li, KAl2 (Si3Al) O12 (OH) 2], thiab / lossis talc [Mg3Si4O10 (OH) 2]. Cov zaub mov plagioclase [XAl (1–2) Si (3–2) O8, X = Na lossis Ca] (piv txwv li sodium thiab / lossis anorthite) thiab amphibole [(X) (0–3) [(Z) (5– 7) (Si, Al) 8O22 (O, OH, F) 2, X = Ca2 +, Na +, K +, Z = Mg2 +, Fe2 +, Fe3 +, Mn2 +, Al, Ti] yog cov theem crystalline sib txuas, Feem ntau muaj mica. Amphibole feem ntau tsis muaj nyob rau hauv talc.
Cov qauv XRD sawv cev ntawm Kongo Kingdom pottery, raws li cov theem crystalline loj, sib raug rau cov pawg hom: (i) cov khoom nplua nuj talc ntsib hauv Kindoki Group thiab Kongo Type C qauv, (ii) nplua nuj talc ntsib hauv cov qauv Quartz-muaj cov khoom Kindoki Group thiab Kongo Type C qauv, (iii) feldspar-nplua nuj cov khoom hauv Kongo Type A thiab Kongo D qauv, (iv) mica-nplua nuj cov khoom hauv Kongo Type A thiab Kongo D qauv, (v) Amphibole nplua nuj cov khoom tau ntsib hauv cov qauv los ntawm Kongo Type A thiab Kongo Type DQ quartz, Pl plagioclase, lossis potassium feldspar, Am amphibole, Mca mica, Tlc talc, Vrm vermiculite.
Cov XRD spectra uas tsis sib txawv ntawm talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 thiab pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)2 xav tau ib txoj kev sib txuas lus los txheeb xyuas lawv qhov muaj, tsis muaj lossis ua tau sib koom ua ke. TGA tau ua rau peb tus qauv sawv cev (MBK_S.14, KDK_S.13 thiab KDK_S.20). Cov kab TG (Supplement 3) tau sib xws nrog qhov muaj cov theem talc mineral thiab qhov tsis muaj pyrophyllite. Qhov dehydroxylation thiab kev rhuav tshem cov qauv pom ntawm 850 thiab 1000 °C sib xws rau talc. Tsis muaj qhov poob ntawm 650 thiab 850 °C, qhia tias tsis muaj pyrophyllite44.
Raws li theem me, vermiculite [(Mg, Fe+2, Fe+3)3[(Al, Si)4O10](OH)2 4H2O], txiav txim siab los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom sib sau ua ke ntawm cov qauv sawv cev, qhov siab tshaj plaws nyob ntawm 16-7 Å, feem ntau pom hauv Kindoki Group thiab Kongo Group Type A qauv.
Cov qauv Kindoki Group-hom uas tau rov qab los ntawm thaj chaw dav dua nyob ib puag ncig Kindoki tau pom cov khoom siv hauv av uas muaj cov talc, cov quartz thiab mica ntau, thiab cov potassium feldspar.
Cov khoom siv hauv cov qauv Kongo Hom A yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov muaj ntau tus khub quartz-mica hauv ntau qhov sib txawv thiab qhov muaj potassium feldspar, plagioclase, amphibole, thiab mica. Qhov muaj ntau ntawm amphibole thiab feldspar cim cov pawg hom no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv cov qauv Congo-hom A ntawm Jindoki thiab Ngongombata.
Cov qauv Kongo Hom C qhia txog ntau yam khoom siv hauv cov pawg hom, uas nyob ntawm qhov chaw keeb kwm. Cov qauv los ntawm Ngongo Mbata nplua nuj hauv quartz thiab qhia txog cov khoom sib xws. Quartz kuj yog theem tseem ceeb hauv cov qauv Kongo C-hom los ntawm Mbanza Kongo thiab Kindoki, tab sis hauv cov xwm txheej no qee cov qauv nplua nuj hauv talc thiab mica.
Kongo hom D muaj cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke tshwj xeeb hauv peb qhov chaw keeb kwm. Feldspar, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog plagioclase, muaj ntau heev hauv hom av nplaum no. Amphibole feem ntau muaj ntau heev. Sawv cev rau quartz thiab mica. Cov nqi sib piv sib txawv ntawm cov qauv. Talc tau pom hauv cov khoom nplua nuj amphibole ntawm pawg Mbanza Kongo.
Cov pob zeb tseem ceeb uas tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas petrographic yog quartz, feldspar, mica thiab amphibole. Cov pob zeb suav nrog cov pob zeb me me thiab cov pob zeb metamorphic, igneous thiab sedimentary. Cov ntaub ntawv ntaub tau los ntawm kev siv Orton45 daim ntawv qhia qhia txog qib xeev los ntawm qhov tsis zoo mus rau qhov zoo, nrog rau qhov sib piv ntawm lub xeev matrix los ntawm 5% txog 50%. Cov nplej tempered ntau yam los ntawm puag ncig mus rau angular tsis muaj kev nyiam.
Tsib pawg lithofacies (PGa, PGb, PGc, PGd, thiab PGe) tau sib txawv raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm cov qauv thiab cov mineralogical. Pawg PGa: cov matrix tempered tsawg (5-10%), cov matrix zoo, nrog cov pob zeb metamorphic sedimentary loj (Daim Duab 5a); Pawg PGb: feem pua ​​​​​​ntawm cov matrix tempered ntau (20% -30%), cov matrix tempered. Kev cais hluav taws tsis zoo, cov noob tempered yog angular, thiab cov pob zeb metamorphic nruab nrab thiab qib siab muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm cov silicate txheej, mica thiab cov pob zeb loj (Daim Duab 5b); Pawg PGc: feem pua ​​​​​​ntawm cov matrix tempered ntau (20 -40%), kev cais zoo mus rau qhov zoo heev, cov noob tempered me me mus rau me me heev, cov noob quartz ntau, qee zaum planar voids (c hauv Daim Duab 5); Pawg PGd: cov matrix Tempered tsawg (5-20%), nrog cov noob tempered me me, cov pob zeb loj, kev cais tsis zoo, thiab cov qauv matrix zoo (d hauv Daim Duab 5); thiab pawg PGe: feem pua ​​siab ntawm cov matrix tempered (40-50%), zoo rau qhov zoo heev temper sorting, ob qhov loj ntawm cov nplej tempered thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke sib txawv hauv kev tempering (Daim duab 5, e). Daim duab 5 qhia txog tus sawv cev optical micrograph ntawm pawg petrographic. Kev tshawb fawb optical ntawm cov qauv coj mus rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm hom kev faib tawm thiab petrographic teeb tsa, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv cov qauv los ntawm Kindoki thiab Ngongo Mbata (saib Supplementary 4 rau cov duab sawv cev ntawm tag nrho cov qauv teeb tsa).
Cov duab micrographs uas sawv cev rau cov tais diav av nplaum ntawm Kongo Kingdom; kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov pab pawg petrographic thiab typological. (a) pab pawg PGa, (b) pab pawg PGB, (c) pab pawg PGc, (d) pab pawg PGd thiab (e) pab pawg PGe.
Cov qauv Kindoki Formation suav nrog cov pob zeb zoo uas cuam tshuam nrog PGa tsim. Cov qauv Kongo A-hom muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog PGb lithofacies, tshwj tsis yog Kongo A-hom qauv NBC_S.4 Kongo-A los ntawm Ngongo Mbata, uas muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog pawg PGe hauv kev txiav txim. Feem ntau ntawm cov qauv Kongo C-hom los ntawm Kindoki thiab Ngongo Mbata, thiab Kongo C-hom qauv MBK_S.21 thiab MBK_S.23 los ntawm Mbanza Kongo koom nrog pawg PGc. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau cov qauv Kongo Hom C qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lwm cov lithofacies. Cov qauv Kongo C-hom MBK_S.17 thiab NBC_S.13 nthuav qhia cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv cuam tshuam nrog PGe pawg. Cov qauv Kongo C-hom MBK_S.3, MBK_S.12 thiab MBK_S.14 tsim ib pawg lithofacies PGd, thaum Kongo C-hom qauv KDK_S.19, KDK_S.20 thiab KDK_S.25 muaj cov khoom zoo sib xws rau pawg PGb. Kongo Hom C qauv MBK_S.14 tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov tsis zoo vim nws cov qauv clast porous. Yuav luag txhua tus qauv uas koom nrog Kongo D-hom yog cuam tshuam nrog PGe lithofacies, tshwj tsis yog rau Kongo D-hom qauv MBK_S.7 thiab MBK_S.15 los ntawm Mbanza Kongo, uas qhia cov noob loj dua nrog cov qhov ceev qis dua (30%), ze rau pawg PGc.
Cov qauv los ntawm peb qhov chaw archaeological tau raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm VP-SEM-EDS los qhia txog kev faib tawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab txiav txim siab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov noob tempered. Cov ntaub ntawv EDS tso cai rau kev txheeb xyuas cov quartz, feldspar, amphibole, hlau oxides (hematite), titanium oxides (piv txwv li rutile), titanium hlau oxides (ilmenite), zirconium silicates (zircon) thiab perovskite neosilicates (garnet). Silica, txhuas, potassium, calcium, sodium, titanium, hlau thiab magnesium yog cov tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau hauv matrix. Cov ntsiab lus magnesium siab tas li hauv Kindoki Formation thiab Kongo A-type basins tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm qhov muaj talc lossis magnesium av nplaum minerals. Raws li kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntsiab lus, cov noob feldspar feem ntau sib xws rau potassium feldspar, albite, oligoclase, thiab qee zaum labradorite thiab anorthite (Supplement 5, Fig. S8–S10), thaum cov noob amphibole yog tremolite Pob zeb, actinite, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Kongo Hom A qauv. NBC_S.3, pob zeb nplooj liab. Muaj qhov sib txawv pom tseeb hauv cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm amphibole (Daim Duab 6) hauv Kongo A-hom (tremolite) thiab Kongo D-hom ceramics (actinite). Ntxiv mus, hauv peb qhov chaw archaeological, cov noob ilmenite tau cuam tshuam nrog cov qauv D-hom. Cov ntsiab lus manganese siab pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov noob ilmenite. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis hloov lawv cov txheej txheem hloov pauv hlau-titanium (Fe-Ti) (saib Supplementary 5, Daim Duab S11).
Cov ntaub ntawv VP-SEM-EDS. Daim duab peb sab qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm amphibole ntawm Kongo Hom A thiab Kongo D tanks ntawm cov qauv xaiv los ntawm Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK), thiab Ngongo Mbata (NBC); cov cim encoded los ntawm hom pawg.
Raws li cov txiaj ntsig XRD, quartz thiab potassium feldspar yog cov zaub mov tseem ceeb hauv Kongo hom C qauv, thaum muaj quartz, potassium feldspar, albite, anorthite thiab tremolite yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Kongo hom A qauv. Kongo D-hom qauv qhia tias quartz, potassium feldspar, albite, oligofeldspar, ilmenite thiab actinite yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov zaub mov. Kongo hom A qauv NBC_S.3 tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov tsis zoo vim nws plagioclase yog labradorite, amphibole yog orthopamphibole, thiab qhov muaj ilmenite raug kaw. Kongo C-hom qauv NBC_S.14 kuj muaj cov noob ilmenite (Supplementary 5, Figures S12–S15).
Kev tshuaj xyuas XRF tau ua rau cov qauv sawv cev los ntawm peb qhov chaw tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm los txiav txim siab cov pab pawg tseem ceeb. Cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb tau teev nyob rau hauv Rooj 2. Cov qauv tshuaj xyuas tau pom tias muaj silica thiab alumina ntau, nrog rau cov calcium oxide concentration qis dua 6%. Qhov concentration siab ntawm magnesium yog vim muaj talc, uas yog inversely cuam tshuam nrog oxides ntawm silicon thiab txhuas oxide. Cov sodium oxide thiab calcium oxide ntau dua yog sib xws nrog qhov ntau ntawm plagioclase.
Cov qauv ntawm Kindoki Group uas tau rov qab los ntawm qhov chaw Kindoki qhia tau tias muaj magnesia ntau heev (8-10%) vim muaj talc. Cov theem Potassium oxide hauv pawg hom no yog txij li 1.5 txog 2.5%, thiab cov sodium (< 0.2%) thiab calcium oxide (< 0.4%) qhov concentration qis dua.
Cov hlau oxides ntau heev (7.5–9%) yog ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lauj kaub Kongo A-hom. Cov qauv Kongo hom A los ntawm Mbanza Kongo thiab Kindoki qhia tau tias muaj cov potassium ntau dua (3.5–4.5%). Cov magnesium oxide ntau (3–5%) sib txawv cov qauv Ngongo Mbata los ntawm lwm cov qauv ntawm tib pawg. Cov qauv Kongo hom A NBC_S.4 qhia txog cov hlau oxides ntau heev, uas cuam tshuam nrog qhov muaj cov theem amphibole mineral. Cov qauv Kongo hom A NBC_S.3 qhia txog cov manganese ntau heev (1.25%).
Silica (60-70%) yog cov khoom muaj nqis tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv Kongo C-hom, uas yog qhov muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus quartz txiav txim siab los ntawm XRD thiab petrography. Cov ntsiab lus sodium qis (< 0.5%) thiab calcium (0.2–0.6%) tau pom. Cov concentration siab dua ntawm magnesium oxide (13.9 thiab 20.7%, feem) thiab cov hlau oxide qis dua hauv cov qauv MBK_S.14 thiab KDK_S.20 yog sib xws nrog cov zaub mov talc ntau. Cov qauv MBK_S.9 thiab KDK_S.19 ntawm pawg hom no tau pom tias muaj cov concentration silica qis dua thiab cov ntsiab lus sodium, magnesium, calcium thiab Iron oxide siab dua. Cov concentration siab dua ntawm titanium dioxide (1.5%) sib txawv Kongo Hom C qauv MBK_S.9.
Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke qhia txog Kongo Hom D cov qauv, qhia txog cov ntsiab lus silica qis dua thiab cov concentration ntawm sodium (1-5%), calcium (1-5%), thiab potassium oxide ntau dua hauv qhov ntau ntawm 44% txog 63% (1-5%) vim muaj feldspar. Ntxiv mus, cov ntsiab lus titanium dioxide ntau dua (1-3.5%) tau pom hauv hom pawg no. Cov ntsiab lus hlau oxide ntau ntawm Kongo D-hom qauv MBK_S.15, MBK_S.19 thiab NBC_S.23 yog cuam tshuam nrog cov ntsiab lus magnesium oxide ntau dua, uas yog sib xws nrog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm amphibole. Cov concentration ntawm manganese oxide ntau dua tau pom hauv txhua Kongo D-hom qauv.
Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm calcium thiab hlau oxides hauv Kongo hom A thiab D tanks, uas tau cuam tshuam nrog kev nplua nuj ntawm sodium oxide. Hais txog cov khoom xyaw ntawm cov kab (Supplementary 6, Rooj S1), feem ntau Kongo D-hom qauv yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv zirconium nrog kev sib raug zoo nruab nrab nrog strontium. Daim duab Rb-Sr (Daim duab 7) qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm strontium thiab Kongo D-hom tanks, thiab ntawm rubidium thiab Kongo A-hom tanks. Ob qho tib si Kindoki Group thiab Kongo Hom C ceramics tau depleted ntawm ob qho tib si ntsiab lus. (Saib ntxiv Supplementary 6, Cov duab S16-S19).
Cov ntaub ntawv XRF. Daim duab qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov av nplaum Rb-Sr, cov qauv xaiv los ntawm cov lauj kaub Congo Kingdom, xim raws li pawg hom. Daim duab qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm Kongo D-hom tank thiab strontium thiab ntawm Kongo A-hom tank thiab rubidium.
Ib qho piv txwv sawv cev los ntawm Mbanza Kongo tau raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm ICP-MS los txiav txim siab txog cov khoom me me thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke, thiab los kawm txog kev faib tawm ntawm cov qauv REE ntawm cov pawg hom. Cov khoom me me thiab cov khoom me me tau piav qhia ntau yam hauv Appendix 7, Rooj S2. Cov qauv Kongo Hom A thiab cov qauv Kongo Hom D MBK_S.7, MBK_S.16, thiab MBK_S.25 yog nplua nuj hauv thorium. Cov kaus poom Kongo A-hom muaj cov zinc ntau thiab muaj rubidium ntau, thaum cov kaus poom Kongo D-hom muaj cov strontium ntau, lees paub cov txiaj ntsig XRF (Supplementary 7, Cov Duab S21–S23). Daim duab La/Yb-Sm/Yb qhia txog kev sib raug zoo thiab qhia txog cov ntsiab lus lanthanum ntau hauv cov qauv Kongo D-tank (Daim Duab 8).
Cov ntaub ntawv ICP-MS. Daim duab qhia txog qhov tawg ntawm La/Yb-Sm/Yb, cov qauv xaiv los ntawm lub pas dej Congo Kingdom, xim-coded los ntawm pawg hom. Kongo Hom C qauv MBK_S.14 tsis tau piav qhia hauv daim duab.
Cov REEs uas tau hloov kho los ntawm NASC47 tau nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov phiaj xwm kab laug sab (Daim Duab 9). Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia txog kev nplua nuj ntawm cov khoom siv tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb (LREEs), tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv cov qauv los ntawm Kongo A-hom thiab D-hom tanks. Kongo Hom C tau qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntau dua. Qhov zoo ntawm europium anomaly yog yam ntxwv ntawm Kongo D hom, thiab qhov siab ntawm cerium anomaly yog yam ntxwv ntawm Kongo A hom.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb no, peb tau tshuaj xyuas ib pawg khoom siv av nplaum los ntawm peb qhov chaw tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm hauv Central African uas cuam tshuam nrog lub Nceeg Vaj Congo uas koom nrog ntau pawg sib txawv, uas yog pawg Jindoki thiab Congo. Pawg Jinduomu sawv cev rau lub sijhawm dhau los (lub sijhawm thaum ntxov ntawm lub nceeg vaj) thiab tsuas yog muaj nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm hauv Jinduomu. Pawg Kongo—hom A, C, thiab D—muaj nyob rau hauv peb qhov chaw tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm tib lub sijhawm. Keeb kwm ntawm King Kong Group tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm lub nceeg vaj. Nws sawv cev rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev sib txuas nrog Tebchaws Europe thiab kev sib pauv khoom hauv thiab sab nraum lub Nceeg Vaj Congo, zoo li nws tau ua rau ntau pua xyoo. Cov cim ntiv tes ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw thiab cov qauv pob zeb tau txais los ntawm kev siv ntau txoj hauv kev tshuaj xyuas. Qhov no yog thawj zaug uas Central Africa tau siv qhov kev pom zoo no.
Kindoki Group cov qauv sib xws thiab cov qauv pob zeb taw qhia rau cov khoom Kindoki tshwj xeeb. Pawg Kindoki tej zaum yuav muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog lub sijhawm thaum Nsondi yog lub xeev ywj pheej ntawm Xya Congo dia Nlaza28,29. Qhov muaj talc thiab vermiculite (cov khoom kub qis ntawm talc weathering) hauv Jinduoji Group qhia txog kev siv cov khoom siv raw hauv zos, vim talc muaj nyob rau hauv lub matrix geological ntawm Jinduoji qhov chaw, hauv Schisto-Calcaire Formation 39,40. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawm hom lauj kaub no pom los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas cov qauv taw qhia rau cov khoom siv raw tsis yog qib siab.
Cov lauj kaub Kongo A-hom tau qhia txog qee qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw hauv thiab ntawm qhov chaw. Mbanza Kongo thiab Kindoki muaj cov potassium thiab calcium oxides ntau, thaum Ngongo Mbata muaj magnesium ntau. Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov nta zoo sib xws sib txawv ntawm lawv los ntawm lwm pawg typological. Lawv muaj kev sib xws ntau dua hauv cov ntaub, cim los ntawm mica paste. Tsis zoo li Kongo hom C, lawv qhia cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm feldspar, amphibole thiab hlau oxide. Cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm mica thiab qhov muaj tremolite amphibole sib txawv ntawm lawv los ntawm Kongo D-hom basin, qhov twg actinolite amphibole tau txheeb xyuas.
Kongo Hom C kuj tseem muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov mineralogy thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm peb qhov chaw archaeological thiab ntawm lawv. Qhov kev hloov pauv no yog vim muaj kev siv cov khoom siv raw khoom nyob ze txhua qhov chaw tsim khoom / kev siv. Txawm li cas los xij, kev zoo sib xws tau ua tiav ntxiv rau kev kho dua tshiab hauv zos.
Kongo D-hom muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog qhov muaj cov titanium oxides ntau, uas yog vim muaj cov zaub mov ilmenite (Supplementary 6, Fig. S20). Cov manganese ntau ntawm cov noob ilmenite uas tau soj ntsuam ua rau lawv muaj cov manganese ilmenite (Fig. 10), ib qho kev sib xyaw tshwj xeeb uas sib xws nrog cov qauv kimberlite48,49. Qhov muaj cov pob zeb sedimentary continental Cretaceous - qhov chaw ntawm cov pob zeb diamond thib ob tom qab kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov raj kimberlite ua ntej Cretaceous42 - thiab daim teb Kimberlite ntawm Kimberlite hauv Lower Congo43 qhia tias thaj chaw Ngongo Mbata dav dua yuav yog Congo (DRC) Qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim cov tais diav D-hom. Qhov no tau txhawb nqa ntxiv los ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm ilmenite hauv ib qho qauv Kongo Hom A thiab ib qho qauv Kongo Hom C ntawm qhov chaw Ngongo Mbata.
Cov ntaub ntawv VP-SEM-EDS. Daim duab qhia txog MgO-MnO, cov qauv xaiv los ntawm Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK) thiab Ngongo Mbata (NBC) nrog cov noob ilmenite uas tau txheeb xyuas, qhia txog manganese-titanium ferromanganese raws li Kaminsky thiab Belousova txoj kev tshawb fawb Mine (Mn-ilmenites).
Cov teeb meem Europium zoo pom nyob rau hauv hom REE ntawm lub tank Kongo D-type (saib Daim Duab 9), tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov qauv nrog cov noob ilmenite txheeb xyuas (piv txwv li, MBK_S.4, MBK_S.5, thiab MBK_S.24), tej zaum cuam tshuam nrog cov pob zeb ultrabasic igneous nplua nuj nyob rau hauv anorthite thiab khaws cia Eu2 +. Qhov kev faib tawm REE no kuj tseem yuav piav qhia txog qhov siab concentration strontium pom nyob rau hauv cov qauv Kongo D-type (saib Daim Duab 6) vim tias strontium hloov calcium50 hauv Ca mineral lattice. Cov ntsiab lus lanthanum siab (Daim Duab 8) thiab kev nplua nuj dav dav ntawm LREEs (Daim Duab 9) tuaj yeem raug suav hais tias yog ultrabasic igneous pob zeb ua kimberlite-zoo li geological formations51.
Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lauj kaub Kongo D-puab txuas lawv mus rau qhov chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv raw ntuj, nrog rau qhov sib xws ntawm cov khoom sib xws ntawm hom no, qhia txog qhov chaw tsim khoom tshwj xeeb rau cov lauj kaub Kongo D-puab. Ntxiv rau qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw, qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom me me ntawm Kongo D hom ua rau cov khoom siv ceramic tawv heev thiab qhia txog kev ua cov khoom siv raw thiab kev paub txog kev siv tshuab siab heev hauv kev tsim cov tais diav52. Qhov tshwj xeeb no yog qhov tshwj xeeb thiab txhawb nqa kev txhais lus ntawm hom no ua cov khoom lag luam tsom mus rau pawg neeg siv khoom tshwj xeeb35. Hais txog qhov kev tsim khoom no, Clist et al29 qhia tias nws yuav yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg ua vuas Portuguese thiab cov neeg ua lauj kaub Congolese, vim tias kev paub zoo li no tsis tau ntsib dua thaum lub tebchaws thiab ua ntej.
Qhov tsis muaj cov theem pob zeb tshiab tsim hauv cov qauv los ntawm txhua hom pawg qhia txog kev siv hluav taws kub qis (< 950 °C), uas kuj yog nyob rau hauv kab nrog kev tshawb fawb txog ethnoarchaeological ua nyob rau hauv thaj chaw no53,54. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tsis muaj hematite thiab xim tsaus ntawm qee cov khoom siv av nplaum yog vim txo qis hluav taws lossis tom qab hluav taws4,55. Kev tshawb fawb txog Ethnographic hauv thaj chaw tau qhia txog cov khoom ua tom qab hluav taws thaum lub sijhawm tsim cov khoom siv av nplaum55. Cov xim tsaus, feem ntau pom hauv Kongo D-puab lauj kaub, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg siv lub hom phiaj ua ib feem ntawm lawv cov kho kom zoo nkauj nplua nuj. Cov ntaub ntawv Ethnographic hauv cov ntsiab lus dav dav hauv Africa txhawb nqa qhov kev thov no, vim tias cov hub dub feem ntau suav tias muaj lub ntsiab lus cim tshwj xeeb.
Qhov concentration qis ntawm calcium hauv cov qauv, qhov tsis muaj carbonates thiab / lossis lawv cov theem tshiab tsim cov pob zeb yog vim qhov tsis yog calcareous ntawm cov ceramics57. Lo lus nug no yog qhov tshwj xeeb rau cov qauv nplua nuj talc (feem ntau Kindoki Group thiab Kongo Type C basins) vim tias ob qho tib si carbonate thiab talc muaj nyob rau hauv cov carbonate-argillaceous hauv zos-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group42,43 Sib koom ua ke. Kev nrhiav cov khoom siv raw los ntawm tib lub geological tsim qhia txog kev paub txog kev siv tshuab siab heev uas cuam tshuam nrog tus cwj pwm tsis tsim nyog ntawm cov av nplaum calcareous thaum raug hluav taws kub qis.
Ntxiv rau qhov sib xyaw ua ke thiab cov qauv pob zeb ntawm cov khoom siv hauv av Kongo C, qhov kev thov siab rau kev siv cov khoom siv ua noj ua haus tau tso cai rau peb tso cov khoom siv hauv av Kongo C rau ntawm theem zej zog. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus quartz hauv feem ntau cov qauv Kongo C-hom qhia txog qib kev sib xws hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv hauv av hauv lub nceeg vaj. Nws qhia txog kev xaiv cov khoom siv raw thiab kev paub txog kev siv tshuab siab heev uas cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab tsim nyog ntawm Quartz Temper Cooking Pot58. Cov khoom siv Quartz tempering thiab cov khoom siv tsis muaj calcium qhia tias kev xaiv cov khoom siv raw thiab kev ua tiav kuj nyob ntawm cov kev xav tau kev ua haujlwm.